Certain types of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) have been linked to precancers and cancers of the vagina, vulva, and anus, in addition to their association with cervical cancer.

Vaginal cancer is rare. The American Cancer Society (ACS) estimated that by the end of 2005, there would be 2,140 new cases of vaginal cancer diagnosed in the United States, and 810 women would die from the disease. Vaginal cancer develops over a period of many years.HPV is linked to reproductive cancers such as vaginal and vulvar cancers. Vulvar cancer is cancer of the vulva (the outside part of the female genitals that surrounds the opening of the vagina). The ACS estimated that in 2005, about 3,870 new cases of vulvar cancer would be diagnosed in the United States, and about 870 women would die of this cancer.

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